Concrete

1. Find the meaning of the highlighted expressions in the text, and post them to the Glossary in Moodle. Also, add any other term which is unknown to you. To make hard or harder Resembling stone or a stone. A material that resists water and fire. Serving to or able to compress. The resistance of a material to a force tending to tear it apart, measured as the maximum tension the material can withstand without tearing. To flow or cause to flow in a stream To unite or become united by melting, esp by the action of heat Volcanic ash consists of small tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions Removal of waste materials by means of a sewer system. Describes objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions A long tube of metal, plastic, etc, used to convey water, oil, gas, etc An openwork fabric or structure; a net or network: a screen made of wire mesh. Having no limit or limits; unrestricted The internal resistance of a body to such an applied force or system of forces. A broad flat thick piece of wood, stone, or other material The part of a building's grounds consisting of structures, such as patios, retaining walls, and walkways, made with hard materials. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Any of various platforms built into a vessel <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">To move or cause to move suddenly upwards or forw <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">ards in a single motion
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hardens **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Stonelike **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Water and fire resisting **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Compressive **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tensile strength **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Poured **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fusing **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Volcanic ash **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sewerage **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Water-proofing **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pipes **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mesh **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Limitless **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Stress **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Slabs **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hardscape construction **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Deck **
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spring **

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">A construction material made of a mixture of cement, sand, stone, and water that hardens to a stonelike mass <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Concrete **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Reinforced concrete** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Was developed to add the tensile strength of steel to the compressive strength of mass concrete. It was invented (1849) by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. The metal is embedded by being set as a mesh into the forms before pouring, and in the hardened material the two act uniformly.



<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Permits the erection of vast vaults and domes with a concrete and steel content so reduced that the thickness is comparatively less than
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Concrete-shell construction **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">that of an eggshell.



<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Employs bricks, slabs, and supports made under optimal factory conditions to increase waterproofing and solidity, to decrease time and cost in erection, and to reduce expansion and contractions. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Precast-concrete construction **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Provides bearing members into which reinforcement is set under tension to produce a live force to resist a particular load.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Prestressed concrete **



__**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">What is the difference between tiltwall construction, tilt-up panel construction and pre-cast concrete construction? **__

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: #ff0051; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">__For a tilt-up concrete building__, the walls are created by assembling forms and pouring large slabs of concrete called panels directly at the job site. The panels are then tilted up into position around the building's slab. ** Because the concrete <span style="color: #ff0051; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**tiltwall forms are assembled and poured directly at the job site, no transportation** of panels is required.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Because concrete <span style="color: #ff0051; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**tilt-up walls are poured outdoors, contractors are at the mercy of climatic conditions**. **When temperatures drop below freezing, curing the concrete panels becomes more difficult and expensive**. Certainly, tilt-up concrete buildings are built in northern areas, but the window of time for temperate weather is much smaller and less predictable, <span style="color: #ff0051; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**which can make construction schedules more difficult to meet.**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2dc403; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**The precast concrete** building process is similar to tilt-up construction, but it <span style="color: #2dc403; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**addresses the challenges presented by weather**. For precast concrete buildings, work crews do<span style="color: #2dc403; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> **not set up forms at the job site to create the panels**. Instead, workers pre cast concrete panels at a large manufacturing facility. Because the precast concrete forms are poured indoors, <span style="color: #2dc403; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**this activity can take place regardless the weather conditions**. After curing, the precast concrete panels are trucked to the job site. From this point, precast concrete buildings are assembled in much the same manner as tiltwall buildings.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Clearly, tilt-up or tiltwall construction and precast concrete are similar processes. Because tilt-up affords more flexibility, it is the method of choice in locations where the weather allows it. Precast concrete is a suitable choice in circumstances where environmental factors and the construction schedule preclude tiltwall as a viable option.